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hpj0828
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| First Name: | Henry | | Gender: | Male | | Faith History: | Messianic Jewish believer |
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Posted: Sun Apr 27th, 2008 05:12 pm |
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Some of the moderators asked me to create a post which explores the Jewish Roots of Pentecost. Here's my effort. Let me know if it works. I would love feedback, since something like this may become a part of my book.
Blessings!
Henry
THE JEWISH ROOTS OF PENTECOST
By Henry Petri, 4/27/08
Acts 2:1 When the day of Pentecost came, they were all together in one place.
2 Suddenly a sound like the blowing of a violent wind came from heaven and filled the whole house where they were sitting.
3 They saw what seemed to be tongues of fire that separated and came to rest on each of them.
4 All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled them.
5 Now there were staying in Jerusalem God-fearing Jews from every nation under heaven.
6 When they heard this sound, a crowd came together in bewilderment, because each one heard them speaking in his own language.
7 Utterly amazed, they asked: "Are not all these men who are speaking Galileans?
8 Then how is it that each of us hears them in his own native language?
9 Parthians, Medes and Elamites; residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia,
10 Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya near Cyrene; visitors from Rome
11 (both Jews and converts to Judaism); Cretans and Arabs— we hear them declaring the wonders of God in our own tongues!"
12 Amazed and perplexed, they asked one another, "What does this mean?"
13 Some, however, made fun of them and said, "They have had too much wine."
14 Then Peter stood up with the Eleven, raised his voice and addressed the crowd: "Fellow Jews and all of you who live in Jerusalem, let me explain this to you; listen carefully to what I say.
15 These men are not drunk, as you suppose. It’s only nine in the morning!
16 No, this is what was spoken by the prophet Joel:
17 "‘In the last days, God says, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, your old men will dream dreams.
18 Even on my servants, both men and women, I will pour out my Spirit in those days, and they will prophesy.
19 I will show wonders in the heaven above and signs on the earth below, blood and fire and billows of smoke.
20 The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and glorious day of the Lord.
21 And everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.’[1]
This passage describes the coming of the Holy Spirit to Jesus’ followers on the Jewish holiday of Pentecost; it contains some strange symbolism. Why did the Holy Spirit come on Pentecost? Why the eerie special effects: a mighty rushing wind, tongues of fire, prophesies in so many different languages? What did the ancient holiday of Pentecost[2] mean to Jews at the time of Jesus? What would these eerie signs have meant to them?
The Bible itself doesn’t comment on these questions for the simple reason that their answers were common knowledge to Jesus’ contemporaries. Unfortunately, for modern readers, separated by so many centuries from the events of Acts 2, these things are not so obvious. Where can we turn to understand them, if the Bible itself is silent?
Fortunately, Jewish contemporaries of Jesus left us many documents that explain what they believed about Pentecost. Many great thinkers addressed the holiday’s meaning. What’s more, these thinkers knew one another’s ideas and literary works, so that they built upon one another to create a common base of knowledge and belief.
Most of these intellectual luminaries are unknown to the average churchgoer, so I have thought of an innovative way to present them and their contributions to the understanding of Pentecost through a “television news show” from the 1st C AD.
After these thinkers have “spoken” through TV interviews, can you “break the code” to understand the strange events of Acts 2 a little better?
Theophilus News Release: The Pentecost Report. Dr. Luke interviews leading rabbis, philosophers, political pundits, sectarian leaders, social activists and bestselling authors…
Dr. Luke: Good Morning and welcome to “Wake Up, Israel!” Dr. Luke reporting for the Theophilus[3] News Network, the number one cable news network of the 1st C AD. Our motto: Pharisee and Balanced. We repent, you decide…
This morning, we’re reporting from downtown Jerusalem where millions of pilgrims have come from all over the world to celebrate Pentecost. As you can see, the crowds are enormous. Local business is hoping for that extra holiday boost after a slower than usual Passover season... On the international streets of today’s Jerusalem, we hear conversations in every language under heaven.
We have a special holiday show for you, packed with inspiring interviews with leading rabbis, philosophers, political pundits, sectarian leaders, social activists and bestselling authors…[4]
I’ll be talking with a panel of our Theophilus News All Stars:
- Our resident historian, the bestselling author of The Book of Jubilees published in the 2nd C BC.
- The great 1st C AD Jewish philosopher Philo from Alexandria, Egypt
- Leaders of two 1st C AD rival Rabbinic Schools: Rabbis Ishmael and Akiba
- The famous 3rd C AD Rabbi Yohanan, The Blacksmith
- The Founder of the Essene Movement in 150 BC: The Teacher of Righteousness
- And to top it off, the divinely inspired Prophet Joel
Theophilus News Contributors, All.
Good morning, Gentlemen, we’re looking forward to your perspectives on this Pentecost Holiday. We’ll start with our historian: The Bestselling Author of the Book of Jubilees.
What can you tell us about the history of this famous day?
Historian: Well, Pentecost started off as a harvest festival, celebrating the Spring Barley Harvest. Its name Pentecost comes from the word “fifty”, since the holiday comes 50 days counted from the day after the Sabbath of Passover week.
Luke: I understand you’ve done some research on the connection between Pentecost and the Covenant between God and Israel on Mt. Sinai. What led you to discover the connection?
Historian: According to the Book of Exodus, Israel left Egypt on the day of Passover and arrived at Mt. Sinai in the third month after they left. This puts them, receiving the Covenant, in front of Mt. Sinai during the Pentecost Holiday. So, today we celebrate Pentecost as Hag Matan Torah, the feast of the giving of the Torah—the feast of the Covenant. In my Book of Jubilees, I spell this out in detail.[5]
Luke: It must have been wonderful to have been at Sinai that Pentecost, right when God gave Israel the Covenant!
Historian: Wonderful? Yes and no. God spoke directly to the people in giving them the 10 Commandments. They were so terrified, that they asked God never to speak this way to them again—but only through Moses as an intermediary between them and God.
Luke: What was it like for them to hear God’s voice?
Historian: That’s the puzzling thing. We don’t really know. In Exodus 20:18-19, Moses wrote about their reaction in words that are very hard to understand:
“And all the people saw the voices and the flames and the voice of the trumpet and the mountain smoking; and when the people saw it, they trembled and stood afar off.
And they said unto Moses: ‘Speak thou with us, and we will hear; but let not God speak with us, lest we die.’[6]
How did the people see voices? What does Moses mean by this? Verse 19 tells us that God spoke these voices. But, how does a singular God speak with plural voices? Frankly, I’m clueless about this.
Luke: Let’s hear from Philo, the great philosopher among the Jews of Alexandria, Egypt. Philo, how do you explain what happened at Sinai?
Philo: A voice sounded forth from out of the midst of the fire which had flowed from heaven, a most marvellous and awful voice, the flame being endowed with articulate speech in a language familiar to the hearers, which expressed its words with such clearness and distinctness that the people seemed rather to be seeing than hearing it. (47) And the law testifies to the accuracy of my statement, where it is written, "And all the people beheld the voice most evidently." For the truth is that the voice of men is calculated to be heard; but that of God to be really and truly seen. Why is this? Because all that God says are not words, but actions which the eyes determine on before the ears. (48) It is, therefore, with great beauty, and also with a proper sense of what is consistent with the dignity of God, that the voice is said to have come forth out of the fire; for the oracles of God are accurately understood and tested like gold by the fire. (49) And God also intimates to us something of this kind by a figure. Since the property of fire is partly to give light, and partly to burn, those who think fit to show themselves obedient to the sacred commands shall live for ever and ever as in a light which is never darkened, having his laws themselves as stars giving light in their soul. But all those who are stubborn and disobedient are for ever inflamed, and burnt, and consumed by their internal appetites, which, like flame, will destroy all the life of those who possess them… [7]
Rabbi Ishmael: I never interrupt, but the answer is obvious, even to the simplest of minds. According to the Targum, “The word that went out from the mouth of the Holy One, blessed be He, was like shooting stars and lightnings and like flames and torches of fire, a torch of fire to the right and a torch of flame to the left. It flew and winged swiftly in the air of the heavens and turned around and became visible in all the camps of Israel and by turning it became engraved on the two tables of the covenant.”[8]
“So, they saw what was visible and heard what was audible.” [9] No one can see a voice. Rabbi Ishmael has spoken!
Rabbi Akiba: “Ooo, ‘Rabbi Ishmael has spoken!’ No doubt, you think that, with you, wisdom will die! Wrong again, Ishie… Your mind is like a steel trap. Everything is literal to you. You lack the slightest imagination—you and your 13 rules of Torah interpretation! [10]
“They saw and heard that which was visible. They saw the fiery word coming out from the mouth of the Almighty as it was struck upon the tablets, as it is said: “The voice of the Lord hewed out flames of fire” (Ps. 29:7)[11] Rabbi Akiba has spoken!
Rabbi Ishmael: Ooo, look who knows so much! You who interpret misspelled words in a scroll as messages from the Almighty!
Let’s see, I remember… Weren’t you the one who proclaimed that bogus messiah Simeon Bar Kosiba in 132 AD? You told the nation that he would deliver us from the Romans? Bar Kochba died, didn’t he? And the nation was destroyed, wasn’t it? What does that make you, some kind of spiritual genius? Or a false prophet? [12]
Rabbi Akiba: “False prophet! False prophet!” That’s all I ever hear. So, I make one tiny little mistake, and everyone goes meshuggah! I’m so misunderstood… Small minds can’t beat me in an argument, so they have to call me names. And you never a mistake…
Rabbi Yohanan: I never butt into other people’s arguments, but just this one time, I’ll make an exception... Akiba’s right, as far as he goes... He’s such a shallow thinker, but at least he’s headed in the right direction. Come and hear…
Psalm 29 not only says: “The voice of the Lord hewed out flames of fire,” but also:
Verse 4: “Voice of the Lord according to power;”[13]
As my teachers said:
But how many voices were there and how many flames were there? It is simply this: They were heard by each man according to his capacity, as it is said: “The voice of the Lord was heard according to the strength [ or power]” [14]
“Not ‘with His, that is “God’s,” power’, but simply ‘with power’, i.e. with the power of each individual, even to pregnant women according to their strength. Thus to each person it was according to his strength. “[15]
So our teachers believed that everyone heard God’s voice at Sinai differently, according to the ability of each one to hear His voice.
Remember that the verse says:
“And all the people saw the voices. Note that it does not say “saw the voice” but “saw the voices”; …
The voice went out and was divided into seven voices and from seven voices into seventy tongues, so that all the nations would hear. And every nation heard the voice in its own tongue and was amazed [lit.: their souls departed]. But the people of Israel heard the voice and were not hurt.”[16]
When God spoke at Sinai, he didn’t only speak to Israel in Hebrew, but rather to all the nations of the world, to each person on earth in his own language! What’s more, each of these languages appeared as a separate flame before the mountain at Sinai!
As you know, I am a rabbi by training, and a blacksmith by trade. One day, Ishmael’s own school of students passed by my blacksmith’s shop. His students saw the sparks as my hammer struck the hot metal, beating it into shape.[17] They remembered the prophecy of Jeremiah 23:29.
“The School of R. Ishmael taught: [Is not My word like fire? Declares the LORD,] And like a hammer that breaks the rock in pieces (Jer. 23:29): just as a hammer is divided into many sparks, so every single word that went forth from the Holy One, blessed be He, split into seventy languages.” [18]
So, when Israel was assembled before Sinai, God spoke the Ten Commandments in every language of the world! Everyone in the world heard these Ten Commandments in his own spirit in his own language. Each language appeared as a separate flame; each language was one of the “voices” of God. Even today, among peoples all over the earth, many who have never read the Torah know that it is wrong to steal, to kill, to bear false witness in court. God has spoken to each one in his own language. Such is the worldwide nature of God’s Covenant revealed to Israel on Sinai! Rabbi Yohanan has spoken!
So there, Ishie… You should learn from your own students!
Luke: Uh, thanks, Rabbis, for that respectful and insightful dialogue… Let’s hear from the Founder of the Essene Movement, the Teacher of Righteousness. Teacher, I hear that your sect has a special celebration that takes place today, on Pentecost.
Teacher: We do have a celebration on Pentecost, but not today.
Luke: But, today is Pentecost? Explain.
Teacher: We are fundamentalist Jews. We don’t follow the corrupt Temple establishment in Jerusalem with its Wicked Priest appointed by the Romans. We formed a community at Qumran by the Dead Sea[19] to avoid following their decrees. The Temple establishment goes by a lunar calendar. The Essenes use a solar calendar which is far superior.
A lunar year has 354 days, which is too few. So, the Temple artificially adds an extra leap month every 3 lunar years to make up for their error. Because of this, they mislead the people, commanding them to celebrate the holy days on the wrong dates! We don’t have to add leap months, since our calendar has a full year of 364 days, exactly 52 weeks of 7 days each![20]
This is just one of many examples in which we are right, and they are wrong!
Luke: 364 days in a year? How’s that going?
Teacher: Uh, we might still have a few kinks to get out of our calendar system... We’re still” fine tuning” it…
Luke: Tell me how you celebrate Pentecost and what it means to you.
Teacher: The Essenes have been celebrating Pentecost the same way for centuries. We Essenes are the New Covenant prophesied by Jeremiah 31:33-34:
33 "This is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after that time," declares the LORD. "I will put my law in their minds and write it on their hearts. I will be their God, and they will be my people.
34 No longer will a man teach his neighbour, or a man his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ because they will all know me, from the least of them to the greatest," declares the LORD. "For I will forgive their wickedness and will remember their sins no more."
Each year on Pentecost, the day that the Covenant was revealed to Israel on Sinai, we Essenes initiate new members into the New Covenant which is revealed only within our community. In our ceremony, we renew the Covenant made between God and Israel in the Torah, promising to obey God’s commandments. God then writes His Commandments on our hearts, so that, by His grace, we may obey Him.[21]
Luke: So, for you Essenes, Pentecost is the date of both the First Covenant on Sinai and the New or Renewed Covenant marked by joining the Essene community.
Teacher: Well put.
Luke: Thank you, Teacher. Next, let’s get some input from our final guest, the prophet Joel.
Joel, most of us are fascinated by someone like you, a real live Biblical prophet!
Our viewers would like you to tell us: What’s it like to be a real prophet? Hearing God’s voice and all?”
Joel: Hearing God’s voice is a real trip! But the job of being a prophet… Well, it’s got its minuses and its pluses.
Luke: How’s that?
Joel: Well, the big minus is that nobody likes you until you are dead… But the plus is the Retirement Benefits…. They’re out of this world!
Luke: I’m glad to hear that. The Teacher of Righteousness claims his sect has entered into the New Covenant already, as of 150 BC. What’s your reaction to that?
Joel: I don’t think so! One of my best known prophecies—BTW you should get my whole book of prophecies, it’s available online from http://www.Jerusalem_Scribes.com -- One of my best known prophecies, Joel 2:28-31, states that there will be wild astronomical phenomena when the New Covenant ushers in the Age of the Holy Spirit:
“28 And it will come about after this That I will pour out My Spirit on all mankind; And your sons and daughters will prophesy, Your old men will dream dreams, Your young men will see visions.
29 "And even on the male and female servants I will pour out My Spirit in those days.
30 "And I will display wonders in the sky and on the earth, Blood, fire, and columns of smoke.
31 "The sun will be turned into darkness, And the moon into blood, Before the great and awesome day of the LORD comes.”[22]
Luke: So, since the sun didn’t turn into darkness and the moon didn’t turn into blood in 150BC when the Teacher founded his sect, the New Covenant didn’t happen then?
Joel: That’s right. If you want to know when the New Covenant begins, look for the fulfillment of my prophecy.
Luke: We have early reports that a new Jewish sect, the followers of Jesus of Nazareth, believe that the solar and lunar eclipses which occurred on the day of Jesus’ execution mean that the fulfillment of your prophecy is near.[23] What do you think?
Joel: Upon advice of my lawyers, I cannot comment on any prophecy I have written which may possibly appear in print in a sequel publication, all rights reserved. All I can say is “Watch the bookshelves in coming months for my prophecy update…”
Luke: I’ll have to stop you there, Joel. We have breaking news…
Right here in Jerusalem, a large crowd has gathered outside a suburban home. Our cameras are panning over what looks like a crowd of several thousands, including foreign pilgrims of every nationality here to celebrate the Pentecost Holiday. Can you hear me in the studio? The wind here is extremely loud, like the sound of a hurricane…
Excuse me, ma’am, can you tell me what is going on, here…
First Woman: There are a lot of people in the upper room on the second floor of that house over there. I heard one of them speaking in my native language Parthian. What she said about God was soooo… moving and inspiring.
Luke: Let’s get a little closer to the house… Have the cameras zoom in on the second floor…
There appear to be flames of fire hovering above the head of each man and each woman in this house. From where I am standing, it looks like the entire building is on fire!
Excuse me, ma’am, can you understand what they are saying?
Second Woman: Not all of them, but one of the women is speaking my native language, Egyptian. She is declaring the glory of God! Look, one of their prophets is speaking, and the people are kneeling, dedicating themselves to God!
Luke: Let’s switch back to the studio for some Theophilus News Analysis of this event. There we have Eleazar Bar Simon the Zealot[24] and Sanhedrin member Rabbi Nicodemus[25] with differing views on what we have just seen.
Eleazar, what’s a Zealot? Tell us about your group and its aims.
Eleazar: We Zealots are a religious group dedicated to peace. We only resort to violence as a last resort--unfortunately, the situation we are all in now. We simply cannot allow our pure holy land to be polluted by the feet of Gentiles, especially the boots of Roman oppressors! We are freedom fighters. We bring peace by driving our enemies out of the land God promised to us.
Luke: Some would call you “terrorists”… What’s your take on this disturbance at a suburban home in Jerusalem?
Eleazar: It’s obvious that these young people are drunkards, stoned out of their minds before lunch! Babbling incoherently in the God-forsaken languages of unclean lands! What has happened to our national family values? The masses like those kneeling today are deluded by Gentile power and Temple propaganda. These young people have been corrupted by idolaters—drunken and immoral Romans. Our youth should be living moral lives and raising the sword against Gentile corrupters! To arms! Down with Roman oppression! If the people would only read God’s Word, they’ll see that God is on our side!
Luke: Nicodemus, as a prominent Pharisee, you represent the Sanhedrin and the Temple establishment. What does this civil disturbance mean for the future of our nation?
Nicodemus: I want to refer to comments made earlier on this program by the prophet Joel. The eclipses that took place when Jesus of Nazareth was crucified are signs in the heavens that point to the fulfillment of Joel’s prophecy.
Could it be that the New Covenant has begun today?
Look at the similarities between the Covenant on Sinai and what has happened today:
- The Covenant on Sinai was revealed on Pentecost, just as this event is occurring on Pentecost today.
- At Sinai, there were natural “special effects”: the sound of a loud trumpet and the noise and shaking of an earthquake. Today, there was the sound of a hurricane force wind!
- At Sinai, God spoke in the voices of many nations. His voices appeared as flames. Today, these young people are speaking in the languages of many nations. Above their heads are flames corresponding to each voice.
- The First Covenant was revealed through prophecy. These young people today are filled with the Spirit of Prophecy, just as Joel predicted.
- The Law of Moses was announced at Mt. Sinai, while the prophet Isaiah foretells that the New Law of the New Covenant will be announced from Mt. Zion, which is Jerusalem. It will be revealed to all the nations of the world:
Is 2:1 The word which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem.
2 Now it will come about that In the last days, The mountain of the house of the LORD Will be established as the chief of the mountains, And will be raised above the hills; And all the nations will stream to it.
3 And many peoples will come and say, "Come, let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, To the house of the God of Jacob; That He may teach us concerning His ways, And that we may walk in His paths." For the law will go forth from Zion, And the word of the LORD from Jerusalem.[26]
Luke: Is that your own view, or are you speaking for the Sanhedrin and the Temple establishment? Are you a follower of this Jesus of Nazareth, too?
Nicodemus: Er… It’s so like the media to make things like this personal… As a nation, we should be sticking to the issues…
Luke: Thank you, Nicodemus. That’s all we have time for today. The New Covenant prophesied by Joel, Jeremiah and Isaiah—has it been announced today from Jerusalem?
We repent… You decide.
This has been Dr. Luke from the Theophilus News Network--wishing you and yours a happy and safe Pentecost holiday.
[1] NIV
[2] The holiday of Pentecost goes all the way back to the time of Moses, who proscribed it in the Torah. See Leviticus 23:15-22.
[3] Luke the Evangelist writes his gospel, as well as the book of Acts to one Theophilus, here imaginatively, a news network. Cf. Luke 1:3, Acts 1:1.
[4] The history for this paper is based upon that presented in: Hilary LeCornu and Joseph Shulam, A Commentary on the Jewish Roots of Acts, (Academon: Jerusalem, 2003), 58-62.
[5] Jub. 1:1, 6:19-21, 22:1
[6] JPS 1917, modified by H. Petri
[7] Philo, The Decalogue, 46-49, tr. C.D. Yonge, 1854.
[8] Targum Pseudo-Jonathan to Ex. 20:18, as cited in LeCornu, 59.
[9] Mekhilta BaChodesh 9, (section of Mekhilta de Rabbi Ishmael), as cited in LeCornu, 60.
[10] Rabbi Ishmael developed 13 rules for rabbinic interpretation of Scripture. They are widely used by later rabbis whose reasoning is recorded in the Talmuds.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Simon Bar Kosiba led a second unsuccessful revolt against the Romans from 132-135 AD. Rabbi Akiba persuaded the Jewish people to follow Bar Kosiba by endorsing him as the Messiah. The results of this mistake were disastrous. What was left of Israel from the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 70AD was destroyed. Bar Kosiba and Akiba were killed by the Romans.
[13] Exodus Rabbah 5:9, as cited in LeCornu, 60.
[14] Ibid.
[15] Exodus Rabbah 34:1, as cited in LeCornu, 60.
[16] Tanhuma Shemot 25, as cited in LeCornu ,60.
[17] This meeting is imaginative speculation on my part, but fun!
[18] Shabbat 88b, as cited in LeCornu, 61.
[19] The Essenes are credited with being the authors and copyists of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
[20] Geza Vermes, The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English, (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 78.
[21] 1QS 1:16-2:25
[22] NIV
[23] Luke 23:44-45, Astronomers 'pinpoint time and date of crucifixion and resurrection' http://www.cathnews.com/news/305/54.php
[24] Eleazar Son of Simon is identified as a Zealot leader in Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, 4.4.1.
[25] Nicodemus is identified as a Pharisee and a ruler of the Jews in John 3:1.
[26] NIV
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HPJ
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JillD
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Posted: Mon Apr 28th, 2008 12:55 am |
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Nag alert:
I hope you're keeping all this stuff in one place. It would be criminal to have it fade to the bottom of the forum, never to be read again.
It oughta be in a book!
Pharisee and balanced...
Classic!
Jill
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"The alternative to obedience is to turn the conversation into a cacophony of Christians making it up as they go along." - Fr. Richard John Neuhaus
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BeProf
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Posted: Mon Apr 28th, 2008 12:42 pm |
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| That could quite possibly be the greatest internet theology posting ever.
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Dave Armstrong
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| First Name: | Dave | | Gender: | Male | | Faith History: | Nominal Methodist / evangelical non-denom / "Bapticostal" / Catholic |
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Posted: Mon Apr 28th, 2008 06:57 pm |
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Definitely, a book must be published with all this great stuff, Henry! We'll all pin you down until you promise! 
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I'm happy to offer whatever theological & personal assistance I can. My blog, Biblical Evidence for Catholicism, contains 1900+ papers & web pages (absolutely free) & 16 apologetic books (for sale):
http://www.biblicalcatholic.com/
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